Classical conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical conditioning Essay Classical conditioning is a form of basic learning the body automatically responds to a stimulus. One stimulus takes on the properties of another. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) is credited for discovering the basic principles of classical conditioning whilst he was studying digestion in dogs. He developed a technique for collecting dog’s salivary secretions. Pavlov (cited in Eysneck M.W 2009) noticed that the dogs would often start salivating before they were given any food or saw the feeding bucket or even when they heard the footstep of the laboratory assistant coming to feed them. Quite by accident Pavlov had discovered that the environmental control of behaviour can be changed as a result of two stimuli becoming associated with each other. These observations led to what’s now called classical conditioning. A neutral stimulus (such as a bell) which normally wouldn’t produce a response (such a salivating) eventually becomes paired with another stimulus (such as the food) this is referred to an unconditional response. When the bell and food (unconditional stimulus) are paired often enough the dogs start to salivate as soon as they hear the bell and before the food is served. When this occurs conditioning has taken place. (Cited in Burns 1995) Pavlov argued that if dogs could be conditioned to salivate then it is possible to apply the process to bodily process that effect illness and mental health disorders. Nowadays classical conditioning is applied in the treatment of phobias and in aversion therapies.(Cited in Burns 1995). Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is the process of a behaviour in which the likelihood of a specific behaviour is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement. The theory is based on Thorndike (1993) law of effects which state that behaviour is a function of its consequences (cited in O’ Brien 2009). Skinner used observation as a leading approach to operate conditioning. A key principle of operant conditioning was that where behaviour is reinforced (that is where people are rewarded when they behave in a particular way). It will tend to be repeated under particular circumstances. (Cited in Gross R 2010). For example a mother picking up a crying infant and if the baby stops crying when picked up, the probablility of the mother repeating the same behaviour increases since the cessation of the baby’s crying is a reinforced.(Gerry, K et alt page45) . Reinforcers can also be primary or secondary. Primary reinforcers are our basic needs like food, water and shelter. Secondary reinforcers are events that have become rewarded through their association. For example money, because money can satisfy people needs it takes on reinforcing characteristics of its own. Operant conditioning can be used in behaviour management and in education, for example children are rewarded when they do well in school and punished if they fail, if they see someone getting rewarded they are more likely to copy the good behaviour. Operant conditioning can also be used to help people with addictions along with classical conditioning,for example in alcohol and drug addiction. Operant conditioning is also used in pain management and in social skills training. It has also been used to reward schizophrenic patients for good behaviour. For example given them tokens in exchange for sweet when they behave well in hospital.(Aylon Azrin,1968,cited in Eysenck 2009). Social Learning The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1965), has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura argued that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. He argued that people could learn new information by observing other people this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviours.(Cited in Eysenck, M 2009) for example Teenagers wanting to be thin like the models that they observe on the television or on the computer. Bandura (1965) Three groups of young children watched a film about adults behaving aggressively towards inflatable Bobo dolls. In one of the films it showed adults being rewarded for aggressive behaviour. The second group were scolded and the third group were neither rewarded or punished. All children showed increased aggression if offered a reward for what they learnt, and the behaviour decreases if they are punished. (Cited in Gross 2009). for example social learning can be learnt thro ugh the media. Pop stars are often seen as role models, and children of smokers are more likely to smoke when they are adults. Phobic patient benefit more from watching fearful patients gradually overcome their fears. (Cited in Gerry,K.et alt 1996) There are three core concepts in social learning, first learning through observation, mental state is essential part of the process and the theory also recognises that just because something is learnt doesn’t mean it will result in a change in behaviour.(cited in Burns 1995)Positive reinforcement is far more effective than negative reinforcement. Bandura believed that observation and direct reinforcement could account for all types of learning. He argued that emotional behaviour could be switched off through modelling procedure. Learning need not necessarily be correct. Through learning human behaviour can be modified. Learning is very important when working in social care, helpers need to know how to modify client’s attitude toward their illness so the helper can work with them to recover.(cited in Burns 2005)

In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about :: English Literature

In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about age and youth in times of war. Explore the feelings that the poets express and the ways in which they communicate these feelings to you. To answer the question above, I first have to get a vague idea of what both poems are about. It is obvious to see that both poems are about war and explore issues of youth and the aged. In my opinion both poems are anti-war and are against youth being sent to fight, and the way that the youth of England was abused by older or more powerful people to keep themselves safe and that is what I will be trying to explore, among other things, in this essay. I will analyse both of the poems individually as well as making comparisons throughout, as well as some final comparisons and a summary of the points in the conclusion. I will start with 'Of the Great White War'. In the poem the writer expresses his hypocrisy of the older generation. Examples are throughout but one is shown on line nine of the poem '(the aged) mouthed fair phrases one upon the other upon the supreme sacrifice'. That line alone has many examples of hypocrisy and half-truths. The use of 'Mouthed' as a description of how the aged talked about the war and the death of young men is designed by the writer to give the impression of falseness and lies. It is said without meaning or heart as if the speaker is not actually saying it, just pretending to as a routine or a duty. The saying of 'one upon the other' yet again is a way of making the aged men's words seem false and piled on top of each other without meaning. Describing the words as 'fair phrases' adds a sarcastic tone to the whole sentence, and 'phrases' reinforces the fact that the words are not meant to be true and are just phrases, things that are said as an everyday thing without thought. Finally the author talks about the 'supreme sacrifice' replacing death, as that is what the sacrifice was in the end. I think he disliked the term as he uses it in a negative sentence as he most likely felt it glorified death, and he disliked the attitude of old people as even though they talked about the glorious deaths and sacrifices, they were hypocrites not willing to die themselves. The poet also in the poem expresses his anger at young people being sent to die throughout the poem. An example of this is on lines five In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about :: English Literature In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about age and youth in times of war. Explore the feelings that the poets express and the ways in which they communicate these feelings to you. To answer the question above, I first have to get a vague idea of what both poems are about. It is obvious to see that both poems are about war and explore issues of youth and the aged. In my opinion both poems are anti-war and are against youth being sent to fight, and the way that the youth of England was abused by older or more powerful people to keep themselves safe and that is what I will be trying to explore, among other things, in this essay. I will analyse both of the poems individually as well as making comparisons throughout, as well as some final comparisons and a summary of the points in the conclusion. I will start with 'Of the Great White War'. In the poem the writer expresses his hypocrisy of the older generation. Examples are throughout but one is shown on line nine of the poem '(the aged) mouthed fair phrases one upon the other upon the supreme sacrifice'. That line alone has many examples of hypocrisy and half-truths. The use of 'Mouthed' as a description of how the aged talked about the war and the death of young men is designed by the writer to give the impression of falseness and lies. It is said without meaning or heart as if the speaker is not actually saying it, just pretending to as a routine or a duty. The saying of 'one upon the other' yet again is a way of making the aged men's words seem false and piled on top of each other without meaning. Describing the words as 'fair phrases' adds a sarcastic tone to the whole sentence, and 'phrases' reinforces the fact that the words are not meant to be true and are just phrases, things that are said as an everyday thing without thought. Finally the author talks about the 'supreme sacrifice' replacing death, as that is what the sacrifice was in the end. I think he disliked the term as he uses it in a negative sentence as he most likely felt it glorified death, and he disliked the attitude of old people as even though they talked about the glorious deaths and sacrifices, they were hypocrites not willing to die themselves. The poet also in the poem expresses his anger at young people being sent to die throughout the poem. An example of this is on lines five

Decision Analysis Tasks Essay

I was asked to provide a distribution pattern that minimizes shipping costs and provides adequate availability and demand. I used transportation modeling to solve this problem. Transportation modeling is â€Å"an interactive procedure that finds the least costly means of moving products from a series of sources to a series of destinations† (Heizer & Render, 2011). This tool is used to determine the best distribution pattern for multiple locations. It is best for this problem because it allows for us to determine how many products can be held at each location to give Shuzworld the lowest shipping costs. The original setup had an optimal shipping cost of $13,600. It had 1300 pairs housed at the Shanghai warehouse. Shuzworld H had 300 pairs in Warehouse 1, 200 pairs in Warehouse 2, and 1800 pairs at Warehouse 3. Shuzworld F had 2200 pairs housed at 1 warehouse. The recommended plan lowered the optimal cost to $13,400. The Shanghai plant will house 1500 shoes in Warehouse 2, with an additional 1300 shoes held in case of increased demand. Shuzworld H will hold 300 shoes in Warehouse 1, 1800 shoes in Warehouse 3, and an additional 200 shoes will be held for increased demand. Shuzworld F will have 2200 shoes held in Warehouse 1. This will allow all of the warehouses to hold enough products to meet current demand, with additional products in short shipping distance. This cuts down on shipping costs as well as time waiting on the production of more shoes. As the market demand increases, additional shoes can be delivered from the holding warehouse. The next task is to find the most reliable machine set up for the computer-driven shoe machine process. â€Å"Reliability is the probability that a machine will function properly for a specified time† (Heizer & Render, 2011). In order to provide reliability, it is critical to provide backup systems for all computers. When operating computers fail, production can be slowed, or stopped altogether. The initial system had an overall reliability of 76%. There was no backups for any of the machines. Machine  1 had a reliability of 84%, Machine 2’s reliability was 91%, and Machine 3 had a reliability of 99%. The first possible setup, and ultimately the recommended setup, was to backup Machine 1. This led to an overall reliability of 84%. Backing up Machine 2 only gave a reliability of 82%. Backing up Machine 3 only gave a reliability of 76%. Therefore the recommendation is to backup Machine 1 and increase the reliability to 88%. The next task is to provide the optimum number of shoelaces to order, using appropriate cost balancing. The economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order amount that allows for an optimum level of materials at the lowest cost possible. There is a demand ofr 300,000 shoelaces per year. The setup cost is $125 per order. There is a $.10 holding cost per unit. The optimal order quantity recommended is 27,386.13 shoelaces per order, with a maximum inventory of 27,386.13. This means that we will order just the amount of shoelaces needed to fulfill current production orders. The average inventory is 13,693.06 shoelaces. There will be approximately 10.95 orders per year. The annual setup cost is $1,369.31, and the annual holding cost is $1,369.31. This makes the total cost per year $2, 738.61. This decision tool allows us to calculate the correct amount needed per order to ensure that we are lowering operating and holding costs, while keeping production properly stocked. The last task was to determine if Shuzworld would benefit from a one-cashier or two-cashier waiting line system. There is typically an average of 6 customers being serviced at any given time. There is typically a customer being services every 5 minutes, so the service rate is 12 customers per hour. One server is typically busy 0.5 of the time. There is usually 0.5 customers in the queue at any given time. There is 1 customer in the system at one time. This means that a customer spends 0.08 hours (5 minutes) in the store waiting to be serviced. A customer spends 0.17 hours (10 minutes) in the store making their complete purchase. This is too much time for a customer to wait and be serviced. This long wait time may dissuade sales, as customers do not want to wait to be helped or pay for their purchases. Using a two-cashier system is a more efficient option of Shuzworld. The average server utilization is 0.25, meaning that 75% of the  time, there is a server available to help customers. There is 0.03 customers in the queue at any given time, with 0.53 customers being served at one time. This means that the customer spends 0.01 hours (.33 minutes) waiting to be served, and 0.09 hours (5.33 minutes) in the store completing their purchase. This system allows the customers to get into the store, pick out their items, and pay in less than 6 minutes. This will definitely encourage future business with the company. Customers want to have the least amount of time spent in a store, and waiting for service may cause some to leave without making a purchase. This analysis tool allowed us to determine which system would provide the best times for the customers of Shuzworld. References Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2011). Operations Management (10 ed.). Prentice Hall.

Major Operations Management Behind The Operation Problem...

From Problematic Situation to Case Scenario The Major Operations Management behind the operation problem discovered is a need to update operations technology. Operations technology is effecting inventory management, sale and operations planning, and financial analysis. Sterling Heights disposal is a growing waste disposal company, that is growing at a rapid pace. This is requiring the company to have a larger focus on financial reports, sales and operations planning, and inventory management. Operations is having trouble retrieving accurate inventory from the current software program causing problems ensuring enough inventory is available for new contract. The only way to retrieve an accurate inventory is performing a physical count of all cans on site. This takes several hours making for inefficient use of employee’s working hours. The current software system is generating inventory forty percent higher than the actual inventory. The inventory deficiency has resulted in contractual obligation not being fulfilled. This has disrupted the sales and planning enough inventory from the subcontractor and the inaccurate inventory has reported been reported on financial reports. Problem Analysis 1. Why is there an inventory deficiency? 2. What needs to be done to resolve issues? 3. Who is responsible for updating inventory? 4. After a resolution is met, how can you prevent inventory deficiency from occurring again? Building and implementing solutions Inventory deficiency canShow MoreRelatedEquipment For Operation Iraqi Freedom And Operation Enduring Freedom1705 Words   |  7 Pages STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM What were the causes for the excess and the abandonment of equipment for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom? BACKGROUND Most logistical tacticians have a tendency to review historical documents before developing strategies to deploy and redeploy troops and equipment. 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